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BoksprakBoksprak (by Stephan Schneider © 2006) Orthographi (EN “orthography”) Orthographi: Alphabet (EN “alphabet”) A Æ B C D Đ E F G H I J K L M N O Ø P Q R S T Ŧ U V X Y Z a æ b c d đ e f g h i j k l m n o ø p q r s t ŧ u v x y z Pronounce … đ: like in EN “that” ŧ: like in EN “thing” a: like in EN “fun” e: like in EN “hello” i: like in EN “machine” o: like in EN “hot” u: like in EN “boot” æ: like in EN “air” ø: like in EN “earth” y: like in EN “you”, but as one vowel Orthographi: Vokalen’s vandling (vowel mutation) When a root, e. g. “mann” (EN “man”), is used in order to form another word, e. g. “människ” (EN “human being”), it’s root vowel may mutate to another vowel (of the Boksprak alphabet). Mutated vowels have diacrytic marks in order to be destinguished from native Boksprak vowels, though. The following mutations are called umlautings. a – ä = æ (mann – människ: man – human being) o – ö = ø (vord – vörder: word – words (in general)) u – ü = y (bruđ – brüđer: brother – brothers (as a group)) Also these mutations are considered (soft) umlautings in this script. e – ė (berg – gebėrge: mountain – mountains (as a collection)) i – ï (bistælle – bïstælle: to put aside – to order) In strong verbs vowels may mutate in an even more unpredictable way. That vowel mutation is called ablauting. The ablauted vowels are “ọ”, “ạ” and “å”, and they are phonetically equal to “y”, “i” and “o”. o - ọ (ig kọs, ig kos, ig ha kosen: I choose, I chose, I have chosen) a – ạ (ig fang, ig fạng, ig ha fangen: I catch, I caught, I have caught) a – å (ig spräk, ig sprak, ig ha språken: I speak, I spoke, I have spoken) From certain verbs one can derive a causative form (respectevely an intensificational form), having “æ” as the stem vowel. Note that this mutation cannot be called umlauting nor ablauting. falle – fælle: to fall – to chop sạtte – sætte: to sit – to set Orthographi: Skort vocalen (short vowels) The final consonant of a stem is doubled when the stem’s vowel is short. vạnne: to win (short vowel) vin: wine (long vowel) If the stem ends in two different consonants, the stem vowel is short as well. ost: east (short vowel) ald: old (short vowel) Before “c”, “qu” and “x” the stem vowel is also short. plac (place) mix (mix) æquator (equator) Prefixes and suffixes may be short even though the final consonant is not doubled. The vowel length of prefixes and suffixes has to be learnt seperately. bruđer: brother If a stem ends in it’s own stem vowel, it is long. te: tea (long vowel) ig sä: I see (long vowel) đä: they (long vowel) The articles “en” and “đe” have short vowels. They are (until now) the only exceptions of the rule. Orthographi: Endingen (EN “endings”) Suffixes may be combined. But only one vowel is necessary for each suffix cluster. människ – männske: human – human being Orthographi: Folksprak ”đ” and “ŧ” to “d” and “t”. BS “đe ŧing” – FS “de ting” – EN “the thing” “v-“ (not in loan words) to “w-“. BS “vorden” – FS “worden” – EN “words” “æ” and “ø” to “e”. BS “ærŧ” – FS “ert” – EN “earth” BS “grøn” – FS “gren” – EN “green” In unstressed prefixes ”ä”, ”ö” and ”ü” to ”e”. BS ”förstae” – FS ”ferstae” – EN ”to understand” BS ”bïstælle” – FS ”bestelle” – EN ”to order” In all other cases ”ä” and ”ö” to ”e” and ”ü” to ”y”. ”ạ” to ”i”, ”ọ” to “iu”, “å” to “o”. BS ”männske” – FS ”menske” – EN ”human being” BS “vọlle” – FS “wiulle” – EN “to want” Proposal: “sk” is substituted by “sch”. BS “fisk” – FS “fisch” – EN “fish” BS “skall” – FS “schall” – EN “shall” Proposal: “-k” and “-g” is substituted by “-ch”. A vowel before “g” becomes shortened then. BS ”ig mak” – FS ”ich mach” – EN ”I make” BS “nagt” – FS “nacht” – EN “night” Proposal: long “i” and “e” to “ei”, long “y” to “eu”, except at the end of a word to “iu”. “-r” after “y” turns to “-er”. BS “hel” – FS “heil” – EN “whole” BS “bi” – FS “bei” – EN “by” BS “ny” – FS “niu” – EN “new” BS “y” – FS “iu” – EN “you” BS “yr” – FS “euer” – EN “your” BS “fyr” – FS “feuer” – EN “fire” Proposal: nouns capitalized BS “sprak” – FS “Sprach” – EN “language”, “speech” Proposal: s- (before consonant except ”p” and ”t”) to sch- BS ”smal” – FS ”schmal” – EN ”narrow”, ”small” BS ”svạmme” – FS ”schwimme” – EN ”to swim” Boksprak Numern (EN ”numbers”) Numern: 1-12 en, tve, ŧre, fir, fimf, seks, sev, agt, nyn, ten, elv, tvelv The nouns ”ene” and ”tvee” are regular, but also ”ens” and ”tvo” are correct for non-living things. Ha đu en bok? – Ja, ig ha ens.: Do you have a book? – Yes, I have one. Numern: 13-19 ŧreten, firten, fimften, seksten, sevten, agtten, nynten Also „enten“ and „tveten“ are regular and correct words for „elv“ and „tvelv“. Numern: 20-90 tvetig, ŧretig, firtig, fimftig, sekstig, sevtig, agttig, nyntig Also ”entig” is a regular and correct word for ”ten”. Numern: 0-100-1000 null, hundređ, ŧusand Numern: -ŧ / -st (Ordinalen) enst / erst, tvoŧ, ŧreŧ, firŧ, fimfŧ, seksŧ, sevŧ, agŧ, nynst, tenst Boksprak Adjectiven (EN “adjectives”) Adjectiven: Förgeliking (EN “comparison”) klar klarer klarest (clear, clearer, clearest) ma maer maest (much, more, most) Adjectiven: -lik The suffix “-lik” (unstressed) means “like”, “according to”. en – enlik: one – only, lonesome an – anlik: near – nearly, similar var – varlik: real – really, truly Adjectiven: -ig The suffix ”-ig” (unstressed) has a farther sence than ”-lik”. en – enig: one – agreeing aver – averig: except, but – every var – varig: real – very If the original word ends in a vowel, an ”n” is added. ma – manig: much – many Adjectiven: -isk The suffix ”-isk” (unstressed) means ”belonging to the kind / species / culture of” and umlauts the stem. mann – människ: man – human ŧyd – ŧydisk: Teutonic – German The suffix ”-isk” may substitute the suffix cluster ”-ical”, without umlauting the stem. logisk: logical musisk: musical Adjectiven: -al The suffix “-al” (stressed) has the same meaning like “-isk”. It is used after loan words. logic – logical: logic – logical Adjectiven: -en The suffix “-en” (unstressed) means “of the material”. gold – golden: gold – golden Adjectiven: -bar The suffix “-bar” (unstressed) means “-able”. make – makbar: to make – makeable Adjectiven: -vis The suffix “-vis” (stressed) means “-wise”. Boksprak Adverben (EN “adverbs”) Adverben: - Adverbs and adjectives have the same form. god – god: good - well Adverben: -s A prepositional phrase may be substituted by an ablative phrase, i. e. with the case suffix ”-s”. at đe regt sid – regts: at/to the right side – (at/to the) right in đe nagt – nagts: in the night – at night in al – als: in all – as ov al vegen – alvegs: on all ways – always Boksprak Verben (EN ”verbs”) Verben: Tiden and particlen (EN “tenses and particles”) ig mak: I make ig maked: I maked make: to make maket: maked makend: making ig ha maket: I have maked ig skall make: I shall make Verben: Modi hav (Hav en ber.: Have a beer.) have (He sag đätt đu have et.: He says that you have it.) häde (He sag đätt đu häde et.: He says that you would have it.) The imperative (e.g. “hav”) is like the infinitive (e. g. “have”) without “e”. The subjunctive realis (e. g. “have”) is like the infinitive (e. g. “have”). The subjunctive irrealis (e. g. “häde”) is like the past tense (e. g. “hade”) umlauted. Verben: Causativ, Intensiv Some weak verbs are derived from strong verbs with the meaning “to cause to …”. These weak verbs are called causatives and their stem vowel is “æ”. falle – fælle: to fall – to drop, to chop sạtte – sætte: to sit – to set Intensive forms of verbs are formed in the same way. rạnne – rænne: to run down/along – to run fast ŧrạnge – ŧrænge: to reach, to enter – to urge ŧạnke – ŧænke: to think – to thank These causatives are irregular: stae – stælle: to stand – to make stand Verben: -el The suffix ”-el” means ”repetitively”. ŧrænge – ŧrængle: to urge – to keep pushing hæve – hævle: to heave – DE ”hebeln” sætte – sættle (to set – to settle) The suffix ”-el” means also ”to use ...”. mođersprak – mothersprakler: mother tongue – native speaker („user of the native tongue“) rađ – rađle: bike – to go by bike Verben: Unregelmatig verben miđ „t“ (irregular verbs with „t“) These irregular verbs having their past participle ending in ”t” and their past tense ending in ”de”. ig brenn, ig brannde, ig ha brannt ig kenn, ig kannde, ig ha kannt ig nenn, ig nannde, ig ha nannt ig renn, ig rannde, ig ha rannt ig send, ig sande, ig ha sandet / ig sænn, ig sannde, ig ha sannt ig wend, ig wande, ig ha wandet ig brạng, ig brangde, ig ha brangt ig ŧạnk, ig ŧankde, ig ha ŧankt ig vọll, ig vollde, ig ha vollt ig kọnn, ig konnde, ig ha konnt ig ha, ig hade, ig ha havt Verben: Unregelmatig verben miđ „en“ (irregular verbs with „en“) These irregular verbs have their past participle ending in ”-en” and their past tense ending irregularly. ig sta, ig stand, ig ha standen ig ga, ig gang, ig ha gangen ig häng, ig hang, ig ha hangen ig då, ig dåd, ig ha dåen ig kåm, ig kam, ig ha kåmen ig är, ig var, ig ha väsen (infinitive: ”väse”) ig het, ig hėt, ig ha heten salt salted salten spalt spalted spalen mal maled malen skind skand skonden mot moted motet skall skalled skallt mag maged magt Verben: Strang verben (EN „strong verbs“) Boksprak strong verbs having the past tense stem vowel ”a” may have the past participle stem vowels ”e” or ”o”. (In either case, only the present tense vowels ”i” and ”e” are possible.) ạ a ä – ig sạtt, ig satt, ig ha sätten: I sit, I sat, I have sitten (V) ä a ä – ig läs, ig las, ig ha läsen: I read, I read, I have read (V) ạ a å – ig svạmm, ig svamm, ig ha svåmmen: I swim, I swam, I have swum (III) ä a å – ig spräk, ig sprak, ig ha språken: I speak, I spoke, I have spoken (IV) Boksprak strong verbs having the past tense stem vowel ”o” may have the past participle stem vowels ”a” or ”o”. (In case of past participle stem vowel ”a”, the present tense stem vowel must be ”a”, too. In case of past participle stem vowel ”o”, the present tense stem vowel must be either ”e”, ”u” or ”y”.) a å a – ig lad, ig låd, ig ha laden: I load, I loaded, I have loaded (VI) e o o – ig fegt, ig fogt, ig ha fogten: I fight, I fought, I have fought (II) u o o – ig sug, ig sog, ig ha sogen: I suck, I sucked, I have sucked (II) ọ o o – ig kọs, ig kos, ig ha kosen: I choose, I chose, I have chosen (II) Boksprak strong verbs having the past tense stem vowel ”e”, ”i” or ”y” must have the present tense stem vowel and past participle stem vowel ”i”, ”a” and ”o” respectively. i ï i – ig driv, ig drïv, ig ha driven: I drive, I drove, I have driven (I) a ạ a – ig fall, ig fạll, ig ha fallen: I fall, I fell, I have fallen (VII) o ọ o – ig stot, ig stọt, ig ha stoten: I push, I pused, I have pushed (VII) Verben: Folksprak Strong verbs have to be treated like weak verbs, using the present tense verb stem. BS ”ig kọs, ig kos, ig ha kosen” – FS “ig kys, ig kysed, ig ha kyst” Class I – i ï i beflite bite blike blive drive gelike glide gripe liđe lihe miđe pipe ride rite rive skine skite skrie skride skrive slike slipe slite smite sniđe snive spive splite stige stride strike vike vise tihe Class I ex svak verben knipe prise svige Class I ex Class III dihe (ex dinge) Class I ex Class VII skiđe (ex skeđe) Class II o – ọ o o bọge bọde drọpe drọge flọge flọhe flọte förŧrọte frọr fürlọre genọte klọve kọse krọke lọge rọke skọve skọte slọte sọđe sprọte stọve svọre tọge vọge lọske Class II u – u o o suge supe Class II e – e o o fegte veve heve vege Class III - ạ a å – ig svạmm, ig svamm, ig ha svåmmen begạnne bạnde brạnne ŧrạnge fạnde gelạnge gevạnne glạmme klạmme klạnge rạnge rạnne svạmme svạnde svạnge sạnge sạnke sprạnge stạnke drạnke vạnde vrạnge tvạnge sạnne spạnne slạnge Class IV - ä a å – ig spräke, ig sprak, ig ha språken befäle dräpe ŧräske fägte flägte gälde hälpe quälle skälde smälte spräke svälle stärve ŧärve värve värđe värpe mälke bärge bärste bräke bäre skäre stäke stäle dräpe gäse pläge näme Class V – ä a ä – ig läs, ig las, ig ha läsen äte gäve genäse skäe läse mäte säe träde fürgäte Class V – ạ a ä – ig sạtt, ig satt, ig ha sätten bạde lạge sạtte Class VI – a å a – ig bak, ig båk, ig ha baken bake fare grave lade skappe slage drage vaxe vaske Class VII a – a ạ a blase brade falle fange halde late rade slape Class VII o – o ọ o hove lope stote rope Boksprak Nomen Nomen: -en Talking about more than one entity of the same kind the plural ending ”-en” is used. It implies that the entities are countable, i. e. really there, even though perhaps scatterd. mann – mannen: man – men (countable) vord – vorden: word – words (countable) Nomen: -er Talking about species, classes or phenomenons in general one can use the plural ending „-er“, umlauting the stem. mann – männer: man – men (in general) vord – vörder: word – words (in general) Nomen: - Talking about more than one entity appearing together as one collection, group or set, the stem is umlauted and no plural ending is used. mann – männ: man – men (as a group) vord – vörd: word – words (as a group) berg – bėrg: mountain – mountains (as a group) Nomen: -s After „a“, „o“ and „u“ (in loan words) only the plural suffix „-s“ is used. comma – commas: comma – commas photo – photos: photo – photos tabu – tabus: tabu – tabus Nomen: Genitiv vord – vord's: word – word’s Nomen: ge- & -e The prefix “ge-“ (unstressed) and the suffix “-e” (unstressed) added to the collective plural means a collection. It is singular. bėrg – gebėrge land – gelände Nouns with pseudo suffix „-er“ don’t receive the suffix „-e“. bruđer – brüđer – gebrüđer svester – svėster – gesvėster Nomen: -er, -e The suffix “-er” added to a verb stem means “person that …s” or “person that performs …”. spreke – spreker: to speak – speaker bake – baker: to bake – baker gang – ganger: (a) walk – walker Refering to animals, things and emotions the suffix “-e” is used instead. ŧecke – ŧecke: to cover – (a) cover slạnge – slạnge: schlingen – Schlinge bạnde – bạnde: binden – Binde sạnne – sạnne: sinnen – Sinn vọlle – vọlle: wollen – Wille spạnne – spạnne: spinnen – Spinne väse – väse: to be – being Added to adjectives “-e” means “… one”. blu – blue: blue – blue one Nomen: -el The suffix “-el” (unstressed) added to a verb stem means “instrument for …ing”. ŧecke – ŧeckel: to cover – lid Nomen: -ling The suffix “-ling” means “descendent of …”. ærŧ – ærŧling: earth – earthling Nomen: -ing The suffix ”-ing” added to a verb stem means ”...ing”. gäve – gäving: to give – giving A synonym is the past tense form (only of strong verbs) used as a noun. gäve – gav: to give - giving Nomen: -nis The suffix ”-nis” (unstressed) means ”result of …ing” or ”something ...ed”. skäe – skänis: to happen – something happened hėrgäve – hėrgävnis: to result – result Added to an adjective it means ”the quality of being ...”. bitter – bitternis: bitter – bitternis Nomen: -ŧ The suffix “-ŧ” means “?” gäve – gävŧ: to give – gift skrive – skrivŧ: to write – writing drage – dragŧ: to carry – Tracht mage – magŧ: may – might After nasals “-ŧ” turns to “-st”. If the verb ist strong and it’s past participle has an “o” as a vowel, the noun with “-ŧ” has an “o”. kåme – kåmst: to come – arrival kọnne - konnst: can – art näme – nåmst: to take – taking stạnk: stonk (ogso "ronn", "song", "dronk", "bond", "fond", "vorp") lạng: lock (ogso "sprock", "ŧrock") Nomen: Qualität lang: längŧ - länge hog: högŧ - höge het: hėŧ - hėte dyp: dypŧ - dype fro: fröŧ - fröde (?) Nomen: Location bruer – brueri baker – bakeri Nomen: Diminuitiv magd – magdke Nomen: Folksprak The plural suffix ”-er” and ”-” aren’t used in Folksprak. Boksprak Pronomen Pronomen: v-, đ-, h- Reflexive pronouns begin with a „v-“. The respective demonstrative pronouns begin with a „đ-“. Even more specific demonstrative pronouns begin with a „h-“. Note that „đä“ is used for plural and „hä“ for singular, though. vär đär här : where – there – here vo đo ho : how – so vä đä hä : who – they – he/she vätt đätt hätt : what – that – it vänn đänn hänn : when – then – now Vätt ig nig vet, đätt mak mig nig het.: What I don’t know cannot make me hot. (German saying.) „đätt“ is used as a conjunction, too. Ig vet, đätt đu ha seen mig.: I know that you have seen me. h-words may have synonyms. ho so hätt et hänn nu The h-word „hä“ may be more specified to „han“ (EN „he“) and „hun“ (EN „she“). Un-umlauting pronouns, question pronouns and answer pronouns may result. vätt – vatt: what (relative pronoun) – what (question pronoun) đätt – đatt: that (demonstrative pronoun) – that (answer pronoun) Vatt är đätt? – Đatt är en bok.: What is that? – That is a book. Pronomen: -m, -s The dative / accusative ending for ”vä”, ”đä” and ”hä” is ”-m”. The genitive ending is ”s”. vä väm väs đä đäm đäs hä häm häs Also ”han” and ”hun” have these endings, but ”-m” substitutes ”-n”. han ham hans hun hum huns ”ig”, ”đu”, ”se”, ”vi”, ”y” have other case forms. ig min mig đu đin đig se sin sig vi onser ons y yr y The reflexive pronoun ”se” may be attached instead an accusative form of a personal pronoun. Ig het mig Stephan. = Ig hetse Stephan. Boksprak Particlen (EN “particles”) Particlen: -er Adding the suffix “-er” to a particle an adjective results that means “gone / being …”. ut – uter: out – outer in – iner: in – inner up – uper: up – upper ov – over: upon – over neđ – neđer: low – lower veđ – veđer: against – returned aft – after: back – after ađ – ađer: at – other (unlike the former …) In other cases a “d” is added. hin – hinder: over there – behind an – ander: on – other (like the former …) un – under: un – under for – forder / former: before – fore / former fur – furder: for – further Some of these adjectives work as prepositons, too. aver, uter: except of over: over under: under hinder: behind ander: in addition to These particles have no adjective forms. um at miđ međ bi to fan fra her Particlen: -en The suffix ”-en” (unstressed) means ”...-er đätt” (respectively, if not applicible “…đätt”). uter đätt – uten: outside ander đätt – anden: in addition in đätt – inen: inside for đätt – foren: in front Particlen: đär- The pronoun “đär” may be used as a prefix “đär-“ (unstressed) before prepositions meaning “…đätt”. ov đätt – đärov over đätt - đärover Particlen: Verben (EN “verbs”) A particle indicates a direction of an action. Ig gäv boken ut.: I distribute books. Ig stæll en bok her.: I put a book to here. Prefixing the particle (still stressed) to the verb the verb receives a conotation. Ig utgäv boken.: I spend books. Ig herstæll en book.: I construct a book. Umlauting and unstressing the prefixed particle a more vague conotation results. Ig ütgäv boken.: I publish books. Ig hėrstæll en bok.: I compile a book. Boksprak Fremdvorden Fremdvorden: latin borgingen - verben fan de infinitiv-form Man kån näme đe stamm fan en latin verb and anhange en "-ere". Đätt är đe regular förbokspraking fan en latin verb. expandere (ogso: convertere, includere, invadere, dividere, agere, construere, contrahere, dirigere, dirigerer, regere, applicere, intervenere, accedere, discutere, glorificere, injicere, componere In venig fallen đe stamm värd vandelt. Här đe "d" värd en "s": improvisere Fremdvorden: latin borgingen - verben fan de particip-form En ander maglikhed är at näme đe participstamm fan en latin verb. Anstæll đe endingen "-er" and "-ing" đe endingen "-or" and "-sion" värd gebruket. Vänn de particip stamm end in en "d" or "t", đätt värd in manig fallen utlatet. expande, expansion (ogso: converte, conversion; include, inclusion; invade, invasion; divide, division) In ander fallen đe "t" bliv (in đe maest fallen in đe combination "ct"). Đänn đe ending "-sion" värd skrivet "-ion", aber đe "s" värd språken. acte, action ("actsion") (ogso: constructe, construction; contracte, contraction; directe, direction; recte, rection; applicate, application; intervente, intervention; discusse, discussion; glorificate, glorification; injecte, injection; accesse, accession) Đe particip ending "it" värd nur gebruket for đe ending "-(s)ion". Tvisk đe ending "-(s)ion" and đe participstamm "vis" värd gebruket en "-at-". compose, composition improve, improvisation |